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- PRESS, Page 78Do We Ask Too Much of Polls?
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- Surveys are a favorite media tool, but do the results measure
- up?
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- By ELLIS COSE
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- In these skeptical times, polls may be the one remaining
- authority that the press customarily accepts without question.
- The subject may be the Panama invasion (the public supported
- it), the arrest of Mayor Marion Barry (Washingtonians thought
- he should resign), or Jane Pauley's treatment by NBC (PEOPLE
- readers who answered a call-in survey found it unfair), but
- editors rarely meet a poll they don't like. Polls have even
- been published reporting the number of California drivers with
- paraphernalia hanging from their rearview mirrors (8%), and
- Iowans with ornaments on their lawns (24%).
-
- The seemingly insatiable appetite for polls arises because
- they satisfy so many editorial needs. In times of uncertainty
- they offer apparent objectivity and precision. On otherwise
- slow news days they track the excitement of public opinion on
- the march. ("Watch out! Here comes `Big Mo.'") They promise a
- window into private thoughts without the inconvenience of
- intimacy. And, in a world of ten-second sound bites and
- shrinking news stories, poll-derived graphics can be wonderfully
- concise.
-
- Surveys have become a staple of stories examining
- presidential popularity (George Bush, so far, is doing better
- than Ronald Reagan), foreign policy (Americans are upbeat on
- Mikhail Gorbachev but remain down on communism) and race
- (blacks are less optimistic than whites but believe more
- strongly in education). Editors have even employed polls to
- study journalism itself. In the mid-1980s, with newspaper
- readership declining relative to population growth, researchers
- diagnosed widespread public skepticism about journalists'
- methods and motives. Confounded by inconsistencies in those
- surveys, Times Mirror, the publisher of the Los Angeles Times,
- Newsday and several other papers, hired the Gallup organization
- to get to the truth. Gallup reassuringly reported in 1985 that
- no credibility crisis existed.
-
- More recently, however, the news from Gallup has not been
- so encouraging. In a report published last November, the 16
- news organizations rated in the survey had collectively lost
- 9 percentage points from their believability. By at least one
- standard, journalism was not doing so badly: among individuals
- and institutions rated, only Pope John Paul II was found to be
- more believable than the media. When the poll was narrowed to
- specific news organizations and journalists (including the Wall
- Street Journal, Cable News Network, Peter Jennings, Dan Rather
- and Ted Koppel), several actually outscored the Pope -- and
- left President Bush far behind. Still, the overall decline in
- media credibility was enough to prompt somber newspaper
- reports. PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN PRESS DIPS SHARPLY, SURVEY FINDS,
- headlined the Los Angeles Times.
-
- Such hand wringing may be treating the numbers with more
- respect than they deserve. After all, polls are no more
- accurate on press credibility than they are on any other
- subject. When pre-election polls in New York and Virginia went
- awry last fall, the almost unanimous press query was, How could
- they have been so wrong? That question has plagued journalism
- since at least 1936, when the Literary Digest predicted that
- Alf Landon would become President of the U.S. A more
- appropriate question might be, Why do we so expect them to be
- right?
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- As polling methods have advanced, the press has gradually
- elevated pollsters to the status of prophets. And journalists
- sometimes forget that their prophecies come not from the
- heavens but from a branch of mathematics called probability
- theory, whose most obvious application is to gambling. The
- concepts are commonly introduced in statistic classes with
- reference to coin tosses and dice. It is hardly an exact
- science. Roughly one time out of 20 the typical pollster's
- finding will fall outside the stated margin of error. And even
- that assumes a flawless sample that will be exactly
- representative of the whole population and a 100% response rate
- -- conditions that are never met in the real world. Accurate
- polling also supposes that the questions are unambiguous, the
- interviewers perfectly interchangeable, and that the answers
- are freighted with the same meaning the analyst believes they
- have. These conditions too are virtually impossible to satisfy.
-
- The flaws inherent in polling methods have caused some news
- organizations to become more cautious. During the latest New
- York City mayoral race, and for the first time in memory, the
- New York Times did not poll prior to Election Day. Adam Clymer,
- who at the time was the paper's polling specialist, explained
- that there was "simply no decent track record." No one could
- predict with confidence exactly which and how many of New
- York's registered voters would actually go to the polls. Why,
- then, did the Times report on polls carried by others? "These
- polls were part of the equation," says Clymer. "People were
- talking about them." In short, though the Times had little
- confidence in the surveys, polls have assumed such a central
- roll in elections that ignoring them was not a real option.
-
- The fad has even caught on in the Third World, with much of
- the news of recent elections in South America and India
- dominated by reports about polls. That is more than a little
- disturbing. For, as the best pollsters recognize, the deepest
- questions of life -- or politics, or journalism -- can be
- probed only in the most primitive manner with the blunt
- instrument of a poll. Thus readers entering upon stories
- peppered with numbers and percentage signs should arm
- themselves with a mental note: POLL AHEAD -- PROCEED AT YOUR OWN
- RISK!
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